INTRODUCTION:

Lantana camara is a flowering ornamental plant of the Verbenaceae family. Lantana camara probably arrived in India before the nineteenth century. Lantana camara flourishes in India's moderate to heavy summer rainfall and well-drained sloping terrain¹. While most varieties prefer fertile organic soils, they can also survive on siliceous sands and sandstone-derived soils with moderate depth and ideal conditions, such as year-round precipitation².

The plant is indigenous to tropical settings and has several strains and varieties with different looks In India, L. camara is known by many names, such as Raimuniya in Hindi, Chaturangi and Vanacehdi in Sanskrit, Arippu and Unnichedi in Tamil, Aripoov, Poochedi, Konginipoo, and Nattachedi in Malayalam, Thirei, Samballei, and Nongballei in Manipuri, Tantani and Ghaneri in Marathi^3,11,13. Lantana camara is a well-known medicinal plant in traditional medicine, and recent scientific studies have highlighted its potential use in modern medicine. Lantana camara's medicinal properties as well as its potential for further scientific investigation into the development of effective therapeutic compounds. It's a woody, straggling, evergreen, and fragrant wild plant. The stems and branches are sometimes thorny⁴. The leaves are grouped in opposing pairs and are broadly oval, bright green, and rough with short hairs. They have sharply serrated edges and a wrinkled look due to numerous veins. Flower heads comprise 20-40 flowers, which are normally 2.5 cm across; the colours of the flowers range from white, cream, or yellow to orange, pink, purple, and red, with little circular heads that are often bicolour⁵. The fruits are fleshy berries in clusters that are glossy and globose in shape, green in colour, and become black when ripe. The root structure is quite robust, comprising a main taproot and a mat of several shallow side roots. Lantana camara can be used as mulch, firewood, and herbal medicine, among other things⁶. The chemical composition of lantana camara has been well investigated, especially in India. The roots cure toothaches, the blossoms ease children's chest problems, and the plant's leaf oil is used as an antiseptic for scars. The leaf extract of Lantana camara possesses nematocidal, fungicidal, insecticidal, antibacterial, and anti-proliferative qualities^7,8. The extract from lantana camara shoots exhibited potent antioxidant properties. The WHO recommends the use of plants as the ideal way to access the majority of drug classes⁹. Lantana camara is a medicinal plant used in folk medicine to cure many diseases. The plant parts of Lantana camara, including leaves, flowers, roots, fruits, and the essential oils have been extensively investigated for their phytochemical and bioactivity profiles¹⁰.

Fig 1. Lantana camara

Description of the plant: (Figure 1) depicts the morphology of Lantana camara. With tetrangular stems, robust recurved leaves, and a strong black current odor, Lantana camara is a hardy shrub. The plant can grow to a height of one to three meters and a width of two and a half meters. The leaves are acute or sub-acute, crenate serrate, rugose above, elliptical or oval-oblong, and scabrid on both sides. The green leaves are 3–8cm long and 3–6cm wide¹¹. The leaves and stem are covered with prickly hairs. Small flowers clustered in clusters (umbels). The flower's hue can range from orange to white to red in varying tones, and it changes with age. Flowers with yellow throats emerge in the axillary head all year. The flower has a small calyx, a narrow corolla tube, and a limb 6 to 7 mm in diameter with irregular lobes. The stems are four in two pairs, and the ovary comprises two cells and two ovules¹². Inflorescences grow in pairs on the axils of opposite leaves. The root system is robust and generates new shoots even after many cuttings¹³. (Table 1) classifies Lantana camara taxonomically. It is a member of the Kingdom Plantae and is under the Subkingdom Tracheobionta, which also includes vascular plants. The plant belongs to super division Spermatophyta, which includes seed bearing plants¹⁴. It belongs to the Magnoliopsida Division, which represents dicotyledons, and then to the Asteridae Subclass. Lantana camara is a member of the Lamiales Order, specifically the Verbenaceae Family. The genus is Lantana, and species is Lantana camara^15-16.

Table 1: Taxonomical Classification of Lantana camara^14,15,16

Kingdom	Plantae
Subkingdom	Tracheobionta
Super division	Spermatophyta
Division	Magnoliopsida
Subclass	Asteridae
Order	Lamiales
Family	Verbenaceae
Genus	Lantana
Species	Lantana camara

Lantana camara is a widely distributed plant that grows at elevations of up to 2000 meters in tropical, subtropical, and temperate climates. The species name (camara) is probably derived from the West Indian¹⁷. Lantana camara develops in little clusters smaller than 1m in diameter in its natural home of tropical America. Lantana camara frequently forms dense, monospecific thickets that range in height and diameter from 1 to 4 meters. Lantana camara has been naturalized in around 60 countries¹⁸. The lantana weed is established in several countries and islands including Yap, the Galapagos, Palau, Saipan, Tinian, the Solomon Islands and the Futuna Islands. The plant grows in disturbed habitats such as roadsides, railway lines and ditches¹⁹.

Table 2: Plants parts and their uses^20,21,22

Parts Used	Uses
Flowers	Nectar source for butterflies and moths
Bark	Astringent and used as lotion in cutiginous eruptions, leprous ulcers
Stalks	Used as Biofuel and raw material for paper pulp which is used for wrapping and printing paper. Making baskets and temporary shelters.
Leaves	Alkaloidal fractions lower blood pressure, accelerate deep respiration and stimulate. It is boiled and used for swelling and pain in the body.
Plants extract	Drought-tolerant plants are ideal options for xeriscaping. This folk remedy has been used to cure cancer, chicken pox, measles, asthma, ulcers, swellings, eczema, tumors, high blood pressure, bilious fevers, catarrhal infections, tetanus, rheumatism, and malaria.

No upwards limit is set on temperature or precipitation quantity. Lantana camara is unable to establish in dense and closed canopies of taller native forest species and is sensitive to frost, low temperature and saline soils²⁰ (Table 2) shows the uses of plant parts.

Phytochemical Constituents:

Lantana camara has a number of natural chemicals, which contribute to its therapeutic effects. Saponins, alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, coumarins, and triterpenoids are a few examples. The plant's essential oils include chemicals such as α-phellandrene, limonene, β-caryophyllene, and sabinene^23,24.

The plant contains key triterpenoids such as lantacin, camarilic acid, and camaricinic acid. The roots contain unique triterpenoids and biosynthetic precursors, such as geniposide. Additionally, Lantana camara contains veside, hederagenin, and other useful chemicals shown in (table 3)^25,26.

Table 3- Phytochemical constituents of Lantana camara^23,24,25,26

Phytochemical	Structure
LANTACIN
CAMARILIC ACID
CAMARICINIC ACID
GENIPOSIDE
HEDERAGENIN

MATERIAL AND METHODS:

Plant collection:

Lantana camara is gathered from Majhaun, Pondha, and Dehradun (Uttarakhand) and recognized by a botanist from botanical survey of India by northern regional center, Kaulagarh road, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India. First, the fresh leaves of the harvested plant were separated and properly washed with running tap water, followed by distilled water, to remove dust and other undesired substances. The leaves were then cleaned with distilled water and shade dried at 60°C for 48 hours. The dried leaves were grind into a coarse powder in mortar and pestle in (Fig 2) and sieved through a 40-number sieve before being stored in an airtight bottle for extraction.

Fig. 2 : Dried and grrinded leaves of lantana camara

Chemicals and reagents:

Ethanol, petroleum ether, chloroform, hydrogen peroxide, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, sodium hydroxide, ascorbic acid, lead acetate, Mayer’s reagent, sulfuric acid, ferric chloride copper sulphate.

Extraction by Maceration:

First, weigh 50g of powered leaves and add polar solvent (ethanol) in the first iodine flask, mild polar solvent (pet-ether) in the second iodine flask, and non-polar solvent (chloroform) in the third iodine flask at a ratio of 1:5(w/v), around 250ml of each solvent, respectively^27,28. Close the bottle tightly to prevent solvent evaporation and contamination. Store it at room temperature for 3-7 days, shaking occasionally. After 3-7 days, filter the extract using Whatman filter paper. Label each extract with the solvent and keep it in airtight containers in a cool, dark place^29,30.

Qualitative Phytochemical Screening of leaves extract:

Secondary metabolites in ethanol, pet-ether, and chloroform extracts of Lantana camara leaves were studied. Phytochemicals tested for include alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, carbohydrates, phenols, terpenoids, steroids, oil and fats and proteins (Fig.3).

Test for Flavonoids:

A preliminary test for flavonoids involves adding 2ml of lead acetate to 1ml of Lantana camara leaf extracts, resulting in a yellow and white precipitate³¹.

Test for Alkaloids:

1ml of each extract was obtained, and a few drops of Mayers reagent were applied to each test tube; the development of a white creamy colour indicated the presence of alkaloids³¹.

Test for Tannins:

Three drops of 0.1% lead acetate solution were added in 1ml of each leaf extract filtrate and the presence of tanninsis precipitate when creamy gelatinous appears³².

Test for Terpenoids:

2 ml of leaf extract filtrate was mixed with 6 drops of chloroform and heated in a water bath for a few minutes. Then, six drops of concentrated H₂SO₄ were added. The reddish-brown interface confirmed the presence of terpenoids³².

Test for Steroids:

1ml of chloroform and 1 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid were added to 1ml of the filtered leaf extract. The appearance of upper red and lower yellow with green fluorescence indicates that the test for steroids is positive³³.

Test for Proteins:

When the leaf extract filtrate is mixed with 4% NaOH solution and a few drops of 1% CuSO₄ solution, a violet colour develops, indicating the presence of protein³⁴.

Test for Oils and Fats:

A drop of extract solution dropped on the filter paper a spot was created and oil staining on the filter paper shows the presence of oils and fats³⁵.

Test for Phenol:

Add three to four drops of ferric chloride solution to 2ml of extract. The presence of phenols is indicated by the formation of a blue-black colour³⁵.

Test for Carbohydrate:

A few drops of H₂SO₄ were added to 1 ml of leaf extract. A purple or reddish hue indicates a successful test³⁶.

Test for Glycoside:

Plant extract samples were mixed with one millilitre of glacial acetic acid and let to cool. After cooling, conc. H₂SO₄ was cautiously poured around the test tube's walls after two drops of FeCl3 had been added. The reddish-brown ring that developed where two layers met indicated the presence of glycosides³⁶.

Fig.3- Qualitative Phytochemical Screening of leaves extract

Instrumentation:

UV spectrophotometer (Shimadz Spectrophotometer UV-1800), the foundation of UV- spectroscopy uses the idea that light of a particular wavelength is absorbed by electrons moving from their ground state to an excited state, which lowers the quantity of light that is transmitted³⁷. The Lambert-Beer rule states that there is a substantial correlation between the substance's concentration and its absorption spectrum³⁸. An absorption measurement at 230 nm was used to determine the phytochemical content of Lantana camara leaf extracts using a UV- visible spectrophotometer³⁹.

Antioxidant Assay by Hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging activity assay:

Preparation of Phosphate buffer (0.2M, pH-7.4): In accordance with the Indian Pharmacopoeia 1996 guidelines, 0.2M potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 0.2M sodium hydroxide solutions were made. To make phosphate buffer (pH-7.4), 50ml of potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution was placed in a 200ml volumetric flask, followed by the addition of 39.1ml of 0.2M sodium hydroxide solution and the final volume being adjusted to 200ml with distilled water⁴⁰. To create the free radicals, 50 millilitres of phosphate buffer solution were added to an equivalent volume of hydrogen peroxide. The solution was then left at room temperature for five minutes to complete the reaction. Getting the stock solution ready 1000 millilitres of distilled water mixed with 100 milligrams of plant ethanol extract. From this stock solution. Three test tubes were filled with 1ml, 2ml, and 3ml of solutions, followed by progressive dilutions with identical solvents to reach a final volume of 10ml. The concentrations for each extract were 10µg/ml, 20µg/ml, and 30µg/ml, respectively. Similarly, the standard solution (ascorbic acid) is prepared⁴¹. In a UV spectrophotometer, the absorbance at 230nm was calculated in comparison to a blank solution that included phosphate buffer solution devoid of hydrogen peroxide. The following formula was used to get the H₂O₂ inhibition percentage⁴².

H₂O₂ inhibition % = A₀-A₁/A₀ x100

Where

A₀₌Absorbance of control, A₁₌Absorbance of test

RESULTS:

Results of qualitative phytochemical screening of leaves extract of Lantana camara: According to this study, Lantana camara leaves the presence of almost all important phytochemicals, such as proteins, phenols, alkaloids, terpenoids, tannins, glycosides, proteins, and carbohydrates, was shown in the most effective extraction solvent is ethanol extract. Non-polar substances such as oils, lipids, terpenoids, and steroids were abundant in petroleum ether extract. A modest variety of phytochemicals, including flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids, phenols, and glycosides, were detected in the chloroform extract represented in table 4.

Table 4: Qualitative Phytochemical Screening of leaves extract

S.No.	Phytochemical	Ethanol	Pet-ether	Chloroform
1.	Flavonoids	Positive	Negative	Positive
2.	Alkaloids	Positive	Negative	Positive
3.	Tannins	Positive	Negative	Negative
4.	Terpenoids	Positive	Positive	Positive
5.	Steroids	Positive	Positive	Positive
6.	Proteins	Positive	Negative	Negative
7.	Oils and Fats	Negative	Positive	Positive
8.	Phenol	Positive	Negative	Positive
9.	Carbohydrate	Positive	Negative	Negative
10.	Glycoside	Positive	Negative	Positive

Nearly all significant phytochemicals, including proteins, phenols, alkaloids, terpenoids, tannins, glycosides, proteins, and carbohydrates, are found in lantana camara leaves. It was shown that ethanol extract is the most efficient extraction solvent. Thus, the ethanol extract utilized to investigate the scavenging activity of H₂O_2.

Result of Antioxidant Assay by Hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging activity:

The Ethanol extract of Lantana camara leaves' capacity to scavenge H₂O₂ in contrast to ascorbic acid, a common antioxidant, is demonstrated in Table 5 and Figure 6. Three distinct concentrations of 10, 20, and 30µg/mL were used for the experiment. Ascorbic acid demonstrated a 45.2% suppression of hydrogen peroxide radicals at 10µg/mL, but the ethanol extract demonstrated a 32.5% inhibition. The ethanol extract showed enhanced scavenging activities of 54.8% and 69.3%, respectively, when the concentration rose to 20 µg/mL and 30µg/mL. Ascorbic acid, on the other hand, showed greater inhibition at the same concentrations: 66.4% at 20µg/mL and 81.0% at 30µg/mL. A dose-dependent rise in the percentage of inhibition for both the ethanol extract and the standard can be seen from the graphical depiction (Figure 4). However, at every measured dose, ascorbic acid and ethanol extract continuously shown antioxidant activity.

Table 5: The H₂O₂scavenging ability of ethanol extract of lantana camara and standard

Sr No.	Ethanol extract		Standard (Ascorbic acid)
Sr No.	Concentration (µg/mL)	% Inhibition	Concentration (µg/mL)	% Inhibition
1	10	32.5%	10	45.2%
2	20	54.8%	20	66.4%
3	30	69.3%	30	81.0%

Fig 4: Graphical representation shows the % inhibition of H₂O₂ radicals

DISCUSSION:

A variable profile of phytochemicals was found in the research of Lantana camara leaves, and they varied according to the extraction solvent. A wider variety of phytochemicals, including proteins, phenols, alkaloids, terpenoids, tannins, glycosides, flavonoids, and steroids, were extracted using ethanol, which turned out to be the most efficient solvent. This is in line with the fact that ethanol is very polar, making it easier to extract polar and some semi-polar substances. On the other hand, non-polar substances including oils, fats, terpenoids, and steroids were mostly extracted by petroleum ether and chloroform, which are non-polar and somewhat polar solvents, respectively. The effectiveness of the ethanol extract was further validated by the antioxidant test, which revealed a concentration-dependent rise in hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging activity. But it always worked as well as ascorbic acid, the common antioxidant.

CONCLUSION:

The study demonstrates to the quantity of phytochemicals with possible antioxidant properties found in Lantana camara leaves. The most effective solvent for removing a variety of these bioactive substances was discovered to be ethanol. Despite being just as strong as the conventional ascorbic acid, the ethanol extract showed significant antioxidant action. According to these results, Lantana camara shows promise in herbal medicine and may be investigated further for its potential as a treatment.

REFERENCES:

1. Sharma GP, Raghubanshi AS, Singh JS. Lantana invasion: an overview. Weed Biology and Management. 2005; 68(1):72–84.

2. Reddy NM. Lantana camara Linn. chemical constituents and medicinal properties: a review. Scholars Academic Journal of Pharmacy. 2013 Aug 31; 5(2)

3. Kumar G, Karthik L, Rao KVB. In vitro anti Candida activity of Calotropisgiganteaagainst clinical isolates of Candida. Journal of Pharmacy Research. 20101; 6(11):1794.

4. Ganesh T, Saikatsen, Thilagam G, Loganatham T, Raja Chakraborty. Pharmacognostic and anti hyperglycemic evaluation of lantana camara (L) var. aculeate leaves in alloxan-induced hyperglycemic rats. Int J Res Pharm. 2010

5. Achhireddy N.R., Singh M., Achhireddy L.L., Nigg H.N. and Nagy S. Isolation and partial characterisation of phytotoxic compounds from Lantana (Lantana camara L.). 1985

6. Ambika S.R., Poornima S., Palaniraj R., Sati S.C. and Narwal S.S. 2003. Allelopathic Plants. 10. Lantana camara L

7. Kalita S, Kumar G, Karthik L, Rao KV. Medicinal Properties of Lantana camara Linn. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2012.

8. Sagar L, Sehgal R and Ojha S. Evaluation of antimotility effect of Lantana camara L. var. acuelata constituents on neostigmine induced gastrointestinal transit in mice. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2005

9. Chopra RN, Nayar SL and Chopra IC. Glossary of Indian medicinal plants. CSIR New Delhi, India. 1956.

10. Dua VK, Pandey AC and Dash AP. Adulticidal activity of essential oil of Lantana camara leaves against mosquitoes. Indian Journal of Medical Research. 2010.

11. Misra N et al. Chemical constituents and antifilarial activity of Lantana camara against human lymphatic filariid Brugia malayi and rodent filariid Acanthocheilonema viteae maintained in rodent hosts. Parasitology Research. 2006.

12. Sharma, O. P., Sharma, S. Morphological characteristics and toxicology of Lantana camara. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 1989

13. Kohli, R. K., Batish, D. R., Singh, H. P., Dogra, K. S. Status, invasiveness, and environmental threats of Lantana camara in India. International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences. 2006

14. Rao, G. M. N., Seshadri, T. R. Chemical examination of the leaves of Lantana camara. Phytochemistry. 1970

15. Day MD, Wiley CJ, Playford J, Zalucki MP. Lantana: Current Management Status and Future Prospects.

16. Bhatt YD, Rawat YS, Singh SP. Changes in ecosystem functioning after replacement of forest by Lantana shrubland in Kumaun Himalaya. Journal of Vegetation Science. 1994.

17. Palmer WA, Pullen KR. The phytophagous arthropods associated with Lantana camara, L. hirsuta, L. urticifolia, and L. urticoides (Verbenaceae) in North America. Biological Control. 1995.

18. Amoah V, Atawuchugi P, Jibira Y, Tandoh A, Ossei PP, Sam G, Ainooson G. Lantana camara leaf extract ameliorates memory deficit and the neuroinflammation associated with scopolamine-induced Alzheimer’s-like cognitive impairment in zebrafish and mice. Pharmaceutical Biology. 2023

19. da Silva MH, Andrade EH, Zoghbi MD, Luz AI, da Silva JD, Maia JG. The essential oils of Lantana camara L. occurring in North Brazil. Flavour and Fragrance Journal. 1999

20. Khan M, Srivastava SK, Syamasundar KV, Singh M and Naqvi AA: Chemical composition of leaf and flower essential oil of Lantana camara from India. Flavour and Fragrance Journal 2002.

21. Banik RM and Pandey DK: Optimizing conditions for oleanolic acid extraction from Lantana camara roots using response surface methodology. Industrial Crops and Products 2008.

22. Kuhad RK, Gupta R, Khasa YP and Singh A: Bioethanol production from Lantana camara (red sage): Pretreatment, saccharification and fermentation. Bioresource Technology. 2010.

23. Zoubiri S and Baaliouamer A: Larvicidal activity of two Algerian Verbenaceae essential oils against Culex pipiens. Veterinary Parasitology. 2011.

24. Gomes de Melo J, de Sousa Araújo TA, ThijanNobre de Almeida e Castro V, Lyra de Vasconcelos Cabral D, do Desterro Rodrigues M, Carneiro do Nascimento S et al.

25. Ganjewala D, Sam S, Khan KH; Biochemical compositions and antibacterial activities of Lantana camara plants with yellow, lavender, red and white flowers. Eur Asian Journal of BioSciences. 2009.

26. Badakhshan MP, Sasidharan S, Rameshwar NJ, Ramanathan S. A comparative study: antimicrobial activity of methanol extracts of 447 Lantana camara various parts. Pharmacognosy Research. 2009.

27. Jamal M, Amir M, Ali Z, Mujeeb M. A comparative study for the extraction methods and solvent selection for isolation, quantitative estimation and validation of ursolic acid in the leaves of Lantana camara by HPTLC method. Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2018

28. Larvicidal and Antifeedant Activities of Different Extracts from Leaves and Stems of Lantana camara (Verbenaceae) Against the Housefly, Musca domestica L. Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. 2020 Mar; 9(1).

29. Badgujar NV, Mistry KN, Chudasama PN, Patel JS. In vitro Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Effects of Methanol Extracts of Vitex negundo, Lantana camara, Bauhinia variegata and Barringtonia racemosa on Human Cancer Cell lines. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2017; 79(3).

30. Khadija Ben Othman, Najeh Maaloul, Nhidi S, Mohamed Majdi Cherif, Sourour Idoudi, Walid Elfalleh. Phytochemical Profiles, in vitro Antioxidants, and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Flowers and Leaves of Lantana camara L. Grown in South of Tunisia. Periodica Polytechnica Chemical Engineering. 2024 Jan 31; 68(1):72–84.

31. Oladoye SO. Lantana camara: Phyto-constituents and Antimicrobial Activity Study. Pan African Journal of Life Sciences. 2021 Aug 31; 5(2)

32. Ganjewala D, Sam S, Hayat Khan K. Biochemical compositions and antibacterial activities of Lantana camara plants with yellow, lavender, red and white flowers. EurAsian Journal of Biosciences. 2009; 69–77

33. Raj S. Preliminary phytochemical screening of Lantana camara, L., a major invasive species of Kerala, using different solvents. Annals of Plant Sciences. 2017 Nov 1; 6(11):1794.

34. Saxena M, Saxena J. Phytochemical Screening of Acorus Calamus and Lantana Camara. International Research Journal of Pharmacy. 2012 May; 3(5).

35. S A, Anisa, Girish. Phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity of methanolic leaf extracts of Lantana camara L. JSSCM Journal. 2013 May; 2(1).

36. Preeti Juyal. Study Of Antimicrobial and Phytochemical Analysis of Solvent Extracts of Lantana Camara Leaves Against Pathogenic Microbes. 2024 Jan 20

37. Guo Y, Liu C, Ye R, Duan Q. Advances on Water Quality Detection by UV-Vis Spectroscopy. Applied Sciences [Internet]. 2020 Sep 30; 10(19):68

38. Sagar Kishor Savale. UV Spectrophotometric Method Development and Validation for Quantitative Estimation of Gefitinib. ResearchGate [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2025 May 9]; 18–22

39. Mandru A, Mane Jyothi, Mandapati R. A Review on UV-visible spectroscopy. Journal of Pharma Insights and Research.2023; 1(2).

40. Ali BM, Boothapandi M, Sultan Nasar A. Nitric oxide, DPPH and hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging activity of TEMPO terminated polyurethane dendrimers: Data Supporting Antioxidant Activity of Radical Dendrimers. 2019 Dec 11; 28

41. Mukhopadhyay D, Dasgupta P, Sinha Roy D, Palchoudhuri S, Chatterjee I, Ali S, et al. A Sensitive In vitro Spectrophotometric Hydrogen Peroxide Scavenging Assay using 1, 10-Phenanthroline. Free Radicals and Antioxidants. 2016 Jan 10; 6(1):124–32

42. Agrawal MY, Agrawal YP, Arora SK, Lahange P, Kshirsagar N. Phytochemical Screening and Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity of hydroalcoholic extract of Justicia procumbans leaf. J Ayu Herb Med. 2021; 7(1):41-45.

Received on 23.03.2025 Revised on 18.07.2025

Accepted on 31.10.2025 Published on 15.04.2026

Available online from April 18, 2026

Asian J. Pharm. Res. 2026; 16(2):135-140.

DOI: 10.52711/2231-5691.2026.00020

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Creative Commons License.